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츮͡츮ɡ
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ٴԽͳߣԭһ˷ּɰ죬·ݣ;ƫƫ˱ѩǰѩ̲ηеطݸͨȴ˵ڣ˿ա
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ʮסĺԺӣطصأǲܵģһڣ岽һڣͨգǲˮʳר˽Ӧһ˵ȣԽ׳ء
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ԷŮƫƫһδӰε
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һɲסȫһʱ亹乣ƫƫڲܿǡǺ
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Сӣ֣ǴɳĮİɣ֪㡭ٺ١ЦţڵѩĲҰףȴһֻԷббš

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Ѿͷͱˣȥƣǲ·
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ڣĶ
һʱŪԷ·ųַ״һ
ΪԷ׷죬ǰδƷڲкɣ䣬ѵǰ
ƾ졪漴һ˫ֱ֣˫üץ 







 

  
 

ѵһڳߣҲʱۻӳ
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ۿϰһ˫ּУȴڴ˵ָһǱ䡰ӰϷ׷һ˫֣һת˫
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ȻԷӵĹ죬Ϥ֪ʩչǹĪǳȣĿǰ磬ҲΪηֻǰȴ̫ͻȻߣȫƾȡʤʵʩԴΪͬ
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źȻĴȣһ࣬ƮƮˣǰ 







 

  
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һľţչϣҴڸ˿һۣԽŰ׷֮١ 







 

  
 

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ˣȴֱܲ棬ֱĪĪ׽Լˡ
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Ѳһ񣬾Ŀǰ֡
һЦСӣץȥɣҪץġ 







 

  
 

ô̴̷񱼣ֱǰ֡ŲԶȴҲ
ٵǰѶȻס֣Ҳͣ
ȴֻһѻѹѹһƬֱͷϴתɵ䣬Ǿˡ
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˵۽ǣ΢΢ʾһο͡
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ȴڴ˾ҵһҶɵɵԶԷԿն£Ȼ٣˫˫ȡǰҪ 







 

  
 

ȴ֪ôһΪ̧ƣڷɵȻȫ
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಻Ϊ֮ͷͲѡ
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ǰЩֱҪǰһ֮ʹؿ󿪣ۼԦ⡢ڤһ޶ãνΪ޻
Ȼ˵±Ͼ̫ңԶˣԼᷢʲô
˿٩٩˵Ե̫ܿɹˣ˵꣬ɵˡ߱ⲿɵĵ֮⣬ôҵĳɾͼޣӦ֪һ˵Ľǡʡԣ߼ߣʸϰϵûԵϣòŴʦָ㣬ʹſУһҲǳɾޡνġһߡħһɡһãŪ˲֮Σҡ
һ˿Ц᷺ƿݵϡ
ЩһҲûκأ̸
ֻ֪ΪŸ¶࣬ȴ֪ҵġ߻ħΪֻҶ˲ӡƣȴȥ׷˵ָ㣿վ˼ͷϵһ縰׷֧šӣһֻס
ġꡱϰʹѰҲЩɡ
Ϣ
˵ҵĳɾͣһҲޡˡȻôˣҲ̫Խ˸Ըȴ벻ʱ㡭˵۾һֳϲõɡ
ԭҡȴָҴһϣȻվһȴԭеҺ;
δ٣شһĳЦէ֮£ƣëȻ 







 

  
ҲϷ˿ 

ʮɲ顣
ЦХȥɲǼȴתȴǾþòɢ
Ѳ֪ôˣ뵽˵Ŀɾ壬ɫһʶץ˳
ӣһۣҡҡͷ˵ţúܣ϶õļ԰꣬˵Щʲô
Ѱץĳֻ
Цǰɽȴתʱʱͣ˺óһʱ֮󣬲ƽ˥
һˣϸ˵϶ǵ㻨˭ǰຣӱ㷵ĵطҿܲصüʱ
һ٣ǰŵЦ𣬷·ֻڵػشתʱԶʱ˺ôȦӣŽڰ
󣬱һֱ
˹һЦɫ޿ɬص벻Ϲô죬ǵʱȷʵʣ²ˡ
ѻվҪⲽ̽
ҡҡͷ˵Ҫȥ
˵ѵһֱ
Ȼᣬõĵط
ڡ쳤ؾá㹻Ķ飬ʹǵ飬Ҳ˽⡣
ɸղŻԿв֪ԲŻáֻ̽ҪһΪ֪һ֮ڣпల¡
һݳĸ첲һʱ䣬Ҳ㹻ˡ
ôһ˵ѲŻȻԭΪЦػʵǵνġԴ̽ĻӦÿЧĪֺڶ
ȻǿеĶԲ߾ʲô
˵ԤӦңʶǱ߱Ǽٵģȴû뵽һʱ䣬ͱǲ𴩣ôڶõ۵ʽò˶ãһҲΪǿƣʱӦ֮ڡ
ǵʱ䲻ˣ
漴վһס칲衯ʩչƣ
칲裿
ǸղϰӦòǰɣ
ѵͷȻ
漴վġʱĶ̬һһϰ
ֻһĬĬעţݵϰ֮󣬲̾Ϣһȷܴһס칲衯̫߰£̶ʱܹ֮ͨסЩ̬ܿɹ󣡡
˵һס칲衯ҹϰһסļʽ֮ͬϣֻҪʱʱϰᣬ;Լ˵˼Ǿ͸ˣҪס书УҪǣҪԼϣɣһζġˣɾޡ
ע⵽˵飬档
ǰڲ࣬ʱ֮սȴˣ̸۵ģǰļȣȴѱ˽ͣܲ˴м塣
ǣߴ֮£˰ҹһסļʽϰһ顣
ָһ£ʾ⡣
㲵ݡ
Ȼˣܵľȴһֱ˥
һƬ˲Ρ
Ϣȡ
ǰѵ˹ؼʱ̡
Ҹ߹㣬Ϲȵģȡϵһظɿ֦
ýģһж
δ仰ȷʵʹΪ֮һ
ң
ֻһˣҡʱѾˣ㡭
һϵȣϹֵһסҲϷ˿ȷʵ֮ʩչƥҪоԸģ
쳤ؾһ׹СҲϷ˿ｻ֯Źɣ˷ȴʾһЩ־塣
ļ䣬˻֮һιУ漴չǰδġ⹥ɱ
ѳ硣
ߡ
ѽƶôκβͬǸġơȡսȦ֮⡣
ܣӳ趯Ӱһ䣬зɳʯ֮ơ
һ콣Ӱƻ
ͿһͷӹȴڷµһֱȡҼ硣
ˡߡãпȣٿص𣬡һѰĽƿĿ
Ϳķ֮ƣұۻӴһӰġ¡쳤ؾá˵СҲϷ˿֮һ
һŤѻһȫ£һദʹѳпȵУĺ˵ĽŲײʯڡ
ˣ
ľȣָǰصѨλʹڴϳ
˷ע֣ѱʮҲѾˡ
һ䣬Ϊ֮پɥ 







 

  
ι 

˻ջľȣ˵һϹʩչĶ֮һ⻹мֳ֣оƽ֮ҪסϰϹ֣Եɣɱ
˵꣬̾ϢһԭΪмʱۣɶݰţ벻һǰòţɣȴӽпʼ
ٿغһľȣֱ
ȴǡйҶ漰磬ݵѳӭһȴػûΪһӰˣǰһȫ£㶼ưΧ֮С
ǰ˵ʧѱܵزһַӦͿҡʩ֮£һƬ貣ӭŶԷɻȰӰһĽ֮£Ϊֿ֮
ˣߣƵС
ã
۾ｻϲã벻ô죬һн
ǽؼָ㣮ѳϰãֱΪϡ
ˡ
֮ǰһɽľҡ졣
ӳ˸Ļ⡣΢һ־ѹ˼֮С
еǰٶ˶ҵģ龫ǣͼԿ֮ߡ
ģȴԶ
ʱĽȣʹ˽˷Ҫɵʱˡ
ѣտտֱţмҪ㡣
ʲô
һ˵ѻ߹
˵һҪĶЦһ£һҪĶȴٱˡ
޾ɥ
˵ʱһ涯֣ϵĺƤӣ¶ŵСӡ
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ӳݵģһֻëļϸĲ֮£ݹᾣ̫ˣȫ£ȥû⡣ҫʽ沼˷Ƥǡ
ǡ
һ治֪Ǹʲô
ţˡ
ȴֻ˿ݵһֻƣԸ缹һ˷Ƥ޺ݵļιѡأʲô
Ȼָز˺Ƥ㣬ֱĿġ
ʱһƬƤָؽ
ѿˡ
ȴûһ鲢ʹࡣ
ٿǽһƬƤ⣬һѪҲûıطȻã˺ۡ
ô£
̾ˡ
ԭǽһƬƤ⣬ʵֻһƤıңһƬɫϣԭƤ⣬һ壬ֱ˿졣
СĽҶ֮£һʽĲҳ漴ֳ
һ̸ؼһһ߱չʾ֮£ѿˡ
ŴСƣ͸Ĳ棬򽣬ֵдּչʾڲҳеģȴһʽ̬ͬ
Щ̬ϵ֣ƻᶯ͸ӳģʱǹ䣿ֻõγɣɾʹζ
֮֮ 







 

  
ɱ 

Ƭ߱ѵϡ
͸һãᱡͼҳμҪѨᣬβɷ֣ȾһãҪҲһ֮¡
ҪĶ˸еɣȴҲ޸п
˵ΪССĶþ˼Ծ˿ͷ㣬ֱڣȻγɵӰ֮¡˵˿ûΪұ˴ʲôôȴҲ̸֮ջޣԽС
˵ϸ۾һ¶ѵĲͶ񣬸޾ۡ
֪˵δɾ֪ͣԼֱ޿
֪߱ΪѴһոĿʼ
ͬʱ֪˶ԼҪ
ִ۸ӵĸܣһ㼯ģʹѴʱƽ˸ĸлȰ̲ס
ȻʮԷĸܡ
İɣ˵ġ˵ֻʱ㱣ܶѡ
ˡߡһȴתһԡ
Ļ棬ҡҷһƬ롣
ʱ˼άϸ
ȻģôƬ̵˼άȥ׽һЩ»©Ķ
ʱ
Ȼ̣ڻߵ˯ˡ
ǿӣϥϢһ̣ΪԳƽԵ
ûв´֮ڣԷϹＴҪһ֮սչˣǰݵһȻˡ
ӳԵôƽһԽ˥ǣľķѣʹήңһ겻ƣӭսУΪġ
˼ţ˻ЩʱתŲ
նʹ
벻ɫ֮áѩչһգóһƬʣˮ֦ͷңѩڻĵˮˮƵ貣֦ͷɫѣˡ
׿˵ʵڻ֪Ⲽԡۡơ
Ҵһֱ״ԡۡǲǰֻ϶Է˱ؾһذڣҲδ֪
²⣬Ϊ϶Ϊ죬ΪԻֻѩڸʱ谭ɼ۵ƣǰͻȻͷʹƶ֪䣬ŵǰ˹ȥ
һƬ彻ϵķ϶䣬ֱ⧵֮£̵ֱ
׵գȴһ˫ѩ׵ӥת
̬ԵãԭȻһͼȴ֪ΣʹѸдһɱ
һ֮ˣʹΪ֮Ȼһ
ʱһ˫ѩӥط̶һ˫˫ƴֱ£ֱͷ
˵ʱ٣ʱ졣
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ϴΣͬŴнʵһڳٿֱҼлһ˫ŭӥӴȥ
֣ǿɹۡһ֡ҹս˷ھߣֻëܲס
ȴ֪˫ѩӥи˵̣רԹɱޣޱȣ˵ǷǱѰ
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ѳӴ˫˫һʽճбꩺ֮⡣
ôݵĳ֣Ȼ˸ա
ȴǲΪӥ꣬һתӣ¶ʶ
һɲǣһ˫ѩӥƳХڶμḩ
ȴһĵԶ£ֹ˶ӥĳ
Ӱ֮£漴ǸѶĳˡ 







 

  
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ǰ˵Ȼ֣ʹΪ֮һŶԷĵ֮һ˫ѩӥһȶž޴һ˫ڳ˵˫ϡ
֪ߵغޣ
˽ŷɭɭЦ֮Ũİ֮䣬ȻʹѾԡ֮ƳЦͬһˡ
ɣǡ쳤ؾá֮һˡ
ǰ롰ƺӿջ֮Է֮һġؾáйһˣѺױֱܷ߿֮첻ͬ
ôǰˣǶ֮һġ쳤ˣ˵쳤ؾáϹһֵܣзϣǰûȣûȡ
ͷĺȻܵʹŶԷϥȥɽʱ𣬽ҶŶԷƵƮƮ£Ȼܿģֻһֻţϥͷ£ȫȻ
ȴʩṦ˸߷壬յĹ֮ϣֻƣ͸ҲͿ֪Էľ롣
ޣ
һڱʾ˶Էļд
ϵѣңңָţϥ˵ŶĵУ͸ֵΪУͷǰ֮㻹ָܱסô
Զͬǡؾáһ޶ֵܶĶ֮ͬ
ʶһս⡣
һܵ뵽תأ˱ѶԲߡ
ֻһҲͱ¶Լ˵ľס֮ȴ򲻿ɡ
˵ǵȽüޣԽǽҪͷԽҪ򶨣򲻿¶š
ı󶯡
һ֮ˣѺڰ£һڳƽֵأҲơ
رǴ˵еġ쳤ǰˣһ֮
˵ʱʩһ
仰˵òҲѧŶԷǰ㣬Ե֮콫Ͷڹνġء֮ŶԷص
ϥɭɭءߡҲСޣȴҲЩ˴ЩʲôôȴҪΪ˵
ԶۼŶԷڶ£޴׽
һ΢ġϤϤѩƮ
һϸӰ
ƺΪѿвأſΣһ
ȡһơ
Ҹ֮£տտĿңġ쳤ֱӣȴҲչһ˲ġҸ
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Ϳһӥڶϥͷһֻѩӥƽֱ𣬼ʸƵֱͶ
ȴһ䣬ط׹Ӱ֮ƣһƬ⣬϶ͷֱͷϿ
ѳԴһٻٵһת֮ƣнػһԲεĻι⻪
˶ȻƣȴһɨһƬѪ𣬳ֵ֣ͬϳһն
Ӵ
ʧȥұ۵ĲѪƵľ͵һӴ˳ȥӥУӭѩӥһ˫צֱȡ棬ץȴȼдһ֣
һʽõǡֻء֮ƣһҲƵת˻ɭɭĽ룬ֱǰӥŭ
ƣʹֻѩӥعĳߣУԾʮ⣬һʱȴٴ۽
ȴö˷һЦ
ޣԼˣ
٣һֱ̰һգʯ֮䡣
ɬĴȻҰ
ȴһ˫ĹӰŵ裬Ʈݣʱ䣬ǰ
ʶҲͬڵţȴǸΪת֮ơ
һ˫Ӱֱǵһ˫ΨΨФĲתĵһһɫߵͿᣬǺϣʱԶʱ֮¡
ȴѱһЩ룬롣
ת˫Ӱٿתȴٿ
漴׹
ԷǴ˫õĹסԼʹԼͷȴƫƫԷ˳⡣ 







 

  
µ 

ƣЩϤ
һԭ̽˶˷תɽ˻ϣıԲߡ
ôһറ¶˾ס֮
֪˾ǶԷ
ϹȻѵδþĿ˵Ĳֻ֮Ҫ˳ٳٲԳֻ֣½ڽڽƣ϶⣬ȴǴⲻá
мڴˣɴݲ֣һʲƵС
תһ泤ѹ漴ſŲŲɽȥ
ȴ֪쳤ؾħѡ֮ҪʮСģд⣬Ϊˣǰѣʵڵ˵ĵӡ
˿̣һˣαǲͬ
ֻ渵תһ˫ӰʱӰӰ룬ȴֻ฽תڹ롣
ɢһϮƤ£жݣûȻṦѡ
һˣֳһ˫𻷣ӭ⣬ӾĳȦܣƼΪ񣬵ɱǿһαС
ˣĽͬΪһͷƷ롣
СɿݣԳ࣬ж磬ֱУƹ졣һʽ׾ľ޴ͭ壬ȴһһ볤䵶
Ǹ˶ͭ壬ŶԷԾȥȴȻ˿ơ
һ䵶ȴӶ֣ʱ֮֮
Ǹ߰б̬죬ȴһĶȥ硣
ôٵĳû޳ʱ֣ȴ֮Ӭֻܰң겻ɢ
һƬоʯ
Ȼϵ졣ʱתĵ֪ʱȻüɬǴ̶
ȴ֪һ˵һʱΪңһĪĿֻš
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һƬУֻҸһ˫˫ֱϻ
ѻӽӭﶡһĿ˶Է˫һ֮Ȼӣӥùݳɿ⡣
ǸСһӰӣʱԿն
ʱ˿̣էȻӾԼ𺳡

һһģϡ
·޻֣֪̿ǰһ̵ŵġħ࣬һƣпֻţɴ
ǰӰɢˣ֮ѡһ˲ĳ룬ʵΪƸǸСԳӰһ֮ƣԷ·𡰻Ӵǰ㡰
һ졣
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ͿǰǸСɿݵӰһӱӰ
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ȴڽδһ˲֡䵶һ⣬ֱϻ
˻
ֱǧٵ⣬һԿն䣬ҫ۵ŻƷӰ
һСǧ׷ꡱĵԼһǰ𵴣Ķǣз֮ơ
һĹãȻֻȫ£ΪҲѡ
״Ȼ½ѳԶԷն䡣
ǧٵ⣬ֱ
ֱȫ亹乣м䳤ŭӶ㼯ΪƬ⣬ԷӴ˵ֱ𣬰ʯ·塣
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ǰһƬʯ·壬ǾһԽŲһ޴ʯ֮ȥ
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˵һǰ֮ƣһ˫𻷣ʩ˸̴֮ƣֱͷϻ䡣
ѷңʱĲΪħˣһڶԷл£Ѷ
״ĳΪһǽһ죬סͷϵһ˫𻷡
ֻܶ㿪˱䵶
ǧһȴʯһ 







 

  
񽣻 

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һӭ䵶
һᣬȴʩչΪɣȻСǧ֮Էһ㺮ǡ
Ʒô͵ӣΪ֮óѣһ䵶⣬ط⡣
ѱһᣬΪ֮ܿһʱ֮գſ˶ԷǸϸŮ
Ů裬ȴץסһƬ½󡣴֮£һ
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ϣ϶˶ԷŮĳȻҲڷ
£һ֮鲻Խؽһߣ϶ʯ֮䡣
һʯ壬
ȴ϶£ƬɽͣɽƼȸߣɢҲƵƬƬơ
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ϸεŮȻᳵ·ѿٵһߣǰʯƶ
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һɴ뽿ݣȴڲסһ˫ڰ׷ƻ˵۾
ƣһ侲شͷƮһƬȥһƬʱɽ֮ʯ֣㶼ķ֮С
䣬ǰɱ֮ѡ
ĲתȴѲγвңԶ
ϸŮһ˫ǻ˵۾ֱ޹ػԵš
ָϵһϮɴ
㣡
Ҷ顣
ǡһҶصЦţգ۾ЩŮĽߣԼĲ׽
һľ룬ʹѼ˷磬ŵһ򶨣ô¡
еǰȨȡᡣ
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ƶƮƮʣȴһ˫ŵĹӰ
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ˡ
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һദ֮ľ룬ȻİȴѲܣӶоŷԶԷů
ޡֻʹ˳ªȴܸıһС
ָе٣ǣһڱ˴ϵܻ档 







 

  
 

⸽Ҷúܡ
Ѹƣʯ϶ת
оŵԽԽߣ
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ƣϽչԴҶ顰һ޵ذ
ȴһϻʱƤѣһѪӡ
۵Ҷ黨䣬µӣһģһ㵹ȥ
ԭ˫𻷣ʮУСǬȦ˻ڵöм⣬ȦһѩУǷƥһʩչ漰⡢ն֮ܣý
ǰˣպ˫ͬˣ쳤ؾ£˳ơ顱һ书ԵԶֱͣԲͬУܶأ˵ýֱͬԡطһٶߡ
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νġ顱ֺƥһֿɾƵԶˡ
ǲϹ£ѳڵѰѵ䣿ɾͲö֪ǰ˫ߵȴʵ
ôҲûϵҶڶԷġǬȦ£˵һĸоСз֮ʹ
顱նȷʵǡӰȥ١ĵˣʱ򣬲۹ûɡ˾ˣȥ˾ȥˣǰʲôʱ򡰶ۡģֻԸˡ
ڡɳջһ۵Ŀʼһ̣ȴǶ˱˴˰ӣսһȻ˴飬˼ˡ
ĿҶĸˣһΪ֮Ŀġˡ
ʱ䣬Ϊŭһǻ޶һԶ˵ǰĺ˫
⶯
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ǲŸյ˵ġļʽ̬֮ױȡ
˫ӣڻҶһɲǣԭѷԾ𣬶ν죬Ȼ㲻һ֡
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ʵһں˫μ˸͸
ջصĽһѪ꣬ϵֻ𻷡ǬȦ
Ϊ֮ѳֲסǺॡһ䡣
ҽһһֻ˵ӥɿ⣬ӣһƮȴµĶһشŶ£ٴγˡ
һóѣתҶ飬ԷӣѪȾ͸ˣһʯǿ̣ǻʧɫ
㡭ôˣ
͵һֻ֣֮飬⡣
Ҫ
ҧһ漴ʩ֣˴һ˼ѨʱֹסѪ
ߡߡ
δѣѣѭǰʯ϶һ˼һ塣
УĶ
ȴǲʱͣ½Ųѱԡ΢Ц顱΢һ·ϵҲˡ
Х
ΧдӰΰسûСʱ˿̣ɬͬƵĵšõڶ޻
ҶһЦ㡰ӡȻĻ
һȴƾܡ
ôˣȻȺŪͿˡ
ô¡
سôţҾȻˡ
ء
˵ʱ·ƼٿȥĴӰѵ˵Ϲħצ͸⸽
ǸΣյѶšǶ˲ܾҵƵİ֮ΪǷôҹѣƿɾͲ
ص
ǰ滰꣬ҶĽľһֻ֣شϣ۽¶˵֡ɧеš
ɵӣ㻹֪Ұصסĵطˡ 







 

  
ħ 

һ֮£漴Ҳˡ
ǰҶġǧġȻ뵽Ƥ׷Ȼת䣬̫ˣҶסȻҲӵס
뵽աɳջһƴɱѻ
ʱǡطļʱ֣Ѽⲻ⡣
βʹ䣬Ӧǲǡ
ǰҶĺȻἰܲʹΪ֮һ
ưŵģ
˵֮У
չˣκ֮¶ġһǶǳЦǶ顣
ȥô죿ܱϹã΢΢գһ۾ܲЩˣʦΪġ߰ɣ
ز֡
Ҫ룬һʲôأС˿޿ӡ
ҶЦһ£ʧصðɡǾҪҲһɣ
ѺһΪʲô˵ɥѵǾͷɣ
ǵģ˵ˣ
һ䣬Ѽϣ㲢ȴɣ
Ϊʲô
עϵˣȻ뵽ʧѪ࣬ɲסһ
㲻֪˵ʦϰһ־ŹֹǲѪġ
һʱΪ֮Ȼʲô򣿡
⡭ᡭ֪Ź򣿡
ѴһһͷʩŹȴû뵽Ҷѧϰž뵽ֹ򣬾ȻӡѪΪɡ
뵽Ҷٵһʱɫұ䣬ϲ嵶á
ѽҶ˵ֻҪӦͬһȥʦа취ң㲻Ը⣬ұֻ·һˣҲ㡭
δ仰İѶ֡
˲Ϣ֮䣬˾
ãȥ
ҶƵ˵߲ˣ㱳Ұɣ
ѿʵ˵У
ӣҶ齿ظȥ
ʯָߴ󣬴䣬ϰ¶ԲΪ죬ֻǡ쳤ؾáϹħƼ쵽Ρ
ƣƺֻͬҶ鷵֮һ;ˡҪˡԾȾˣ㲻ģȻ˾
ԭĸΪˣѻɢСĵѱǧ˼ǣ뵽ˡຣӡ˼ĵط޶żҲ뵽ѣȻҲ
ԩ·խȻͷʹȻ
Ǹǵ֮УҲǧѡѡ⴦ڡ
ҶԴ죬ѻҵ
ʯֵǰ¾ӺбʯɽپһѩȾƽơ
ʱ֮ڴ˶б֮䡣
ǧǰ˴Ϊս֮һʯԫǰ˵֮ۡ
һѱҲƵʯչ޼ʢ֮ʱҲἲš֮ǰĸɺԱ⣬Ȼͬն
νʱʱҲͬ˵Ĺٿήһɣ
Ҷָ֮£Գ˴ҵһ٣̤ĳصǰ˶
վס˽Ų´ѡ
Ҷ˵
ȻĴ˼ɣ±ʦ
ĬĬӣҶ鱨һЦһ̾˵㲻֪һҵһˡ˵ű΢΢ͷ
һʱȴ֪˵Щʲôźá
һ˵طˣ
ҶƺȻ˵ߣ
˼ѲžԷһ˫裬Լơա֮Уȱ˴飬δ̫ͻȻȺ޼Ѱ
Ϳһ磬ֱϮʹһ䡣 







 

  
Ѩ 

ѼֱҶкһ
Ҷ顰Ӵһõ
֮䣬ȻҸŶ֮䣬翪ӥȻУһʯڡ
ϥ΢΢һһƮʮ߿⡣
˵Ŀٶӿһȡ

һȷ磬Ѷ֮պıӰ
ʯ쾪طһ죬ৣɢһʯ
һԺϮûκͷԭʮþȵһȴѸӦǧһĵӹ˴һ١
ȵƤ׷һ˫צƵĹ֣ץŶ۴ϸɳһعȡ
͸ŭһ˫ǹۣӼֱ޲һڰȥ
һգƵһתֵһƣ
һһһ
ǡһƬ˹
˵Ϊˡ岨ˣǰƴһƼ׳󣬼ֱС򲻵֮¡
ݳƣʱ仯ΪһӰһСҵͷֱȫ£Ҫ뷢
·д˵ľ޴Ľ֮ƣһεľӣֱѵͷֱ֮£ҵͷһӰһƽһʽݶֱ֣ҪȡԷˡ
Ҳ
һڳӭƶƥƵһ⣬סҪ
ʱ׳ĳߡƵŤ¯Ĵڣȴ鼱֮£Ȼʩչ˳
ӯ̬šߡŤ
Σǰδ
ôһħӰȻ˿գУȫʯڣյʯͷӡ
һת
Хӵ׷ƵըɢһշƮ֮⡣
֣ԭһɲǼ䡰
СӣģһƬ룺һ˭̸ģ
δŲһǺľδѣƵƵشһֻ˵ǣȴʹͻȻ뵽ˣԭ˫ǿ֮δ
̬ⷬʹĴ
ӦУʤָ֮࣬ξ壿
һЦǰһ
۾һԻ󡣾һ
ҲֻԼǰϴĴУһʱ֮䲻ȡʤȻ롣
Ƶת䣬Ȼ˵Ĳ׽ԭġǿһӱˡȴԾǿɱ֮Ƶǰ㡰ǿ֮
ѵĳȻӢˣԵһ겻
һľȣŵ棬֧ҡҡӡ
һ־̣㡭Ҫʲô 







 

  
ȥ 

˵֮䣬漴ʩľȣڵϻһǡͼΣƣָһָһſڣ
ʱоһǿҵƣɲסһӣԶ֣֮է֮£·Լ۾ЩˡٹߣԷӰԹ̶
ֻǾٲǰǰֺȻԳһԷĸ˾տ书֮⣬ȻҲǰһ۷͸ŹŹ֡
漴վ˽Ųڡ
ԭûг˺Է֮⣬ֵüþաĵֻһԵҶ顣
²ҪᣬֻǻҶתûб˼
һԵҶ״ɫ԰ףһˡ
Сʦ֮꣬ƺȴܣǷ֮ݣɾͲö֪
Ӳѣ֮£һ˫ǹֱҪ˻
Ѿͷɵĺ£Լˣ㻹һ㡭
һͷ׷һͷϽë˿˿
ľȣصڵһ٣һ˰ɣ

ҵĺһҶ˫ϥһѪˡҪң
Ⱦҡ
һᣬ㵹
ѳһһݶǰҪ
ס֣
һȣҪ㺦ûҪô
һʱȻԶԡ
һ˫ɭɭǹֻۣڵҶƵƵϣĿǡ
һ٣תѵô£
⡭Ѷһ٣ˣ˲ٵѪ
˭Щӻɴˣʲô˵ģ
ôһ߳ﲻΪҶҲöײ
ۡ
ʲôУ
ǬȦ
Ҫ˵һ߳Ҫϻţ
ǹۣݺѶţ֮ȴҲòʵЩ޿κε顣
ѣĹӦɣ

ϣ

ã˵ţס·
Ӧһʱ˹һưҶ־áѨֱԷϣעԷһ˫·Ѩšһʱ䣬ҶѲ
ߡһɫԼƽ͵ֱ֮룬ͦٻ㡯עӿȪߴΣջء
ԶУƷһջأҶٿֱ
Ҫһ˫ۣתѣͷ벻㹦˾ֲͷأ㲻ˡ
΢٣Ҷ˵ϿɴСҩ衯
ҶͷϲõصС
ҩʮ˵ĿٵϢƬ̣޷ˣ
ҶȡҩԷʮٹĿϢѾȫѪͨ
ȴΥʦ֮⣬ǿӣĿϢ
һ䣬Сֳǰδ
ɫȴһ˫ǹ۲סŶƵƵΣɫĲڣǣҡ
ݵĵϢ֮ҶѾָ
һЦվ
ôˣ
һ˫ۣɭɭš
ˡһҲûˣҶЦһ仨лл㣬
ߡһЦȲҪ˵̫磬ѾͷֻΪ£Ǵˣ
Ҷһתѿһۣʶô¡
Ȼ⡣ȻԼȷӦøǣɫһ
Ҹˣ
Էʦͽȭʩһתȥĵȴס
ţ˵ڲߣ̫ˡ
δѣѴһЩ
һƬ紵ѩɳɳһ˵ĽŲһڶ侪Ķǡ

Ҷһŵѿţáˣ
ɫһü΢ⲻǵ£ҳȥ
㻹԰ĺã
ɭɭЦȥֻ·һСӣ˵
ڲ˵ǵ£̫ˣ֪мˣ

仰ȴҶ˵ġ
һĮĮصѴٳܿϹﶼˡ
ѴһȻˣȴҲ̱С
ɬЦһЦԴСպաǲ֪ϹطϲġʲôǲˣǣԼ˻ãȴŴҵ˽ȥ
˵Ȼطһ̾Ϣ
Ϳǵ컯ɣѡȻĿһ裺ҰѾͷˣҲͲ˵ˣҪǽӹⳡѣţҪúô
ôҲû뵽̫źȻ˵仰ֻΪ֮һ㶣ҶҲסˡ

Ҫ˵ָһָ߰ɡ߳ȥ
أ
ߡ͵
Ȼվ𣬺߳ߣ
ͨġ
ɽǬȴһͨ
Ҷǰںһ·УǸߵͲһĴСʯ
ǰһƬڡ
ǰڵһ⣬ǿʹ˿Ա˴кȴʣɭɭɷˡ
һ̣ҶȻվס
Ѹһôˣ
Һ¡Ȼץסѵ֣Һ񿴼ȫѪ
ѽ
ֹŵ󴫹һĳХէ£ëȻ
ȴһɭɭĹ׹⣬һХǳ۰ͷӹһþòɢ
֮ˣĿ֮£಻Ϊ֮ɫ䣬һʱ亹졣
ҶǶ˻ǰ
Ȼʲô޽һǵ𣬿첽׷
ȴǸ˼ǽǰһת㵹ȥ 







 

  
Ѫ· 

һƬ⣬Եǰ
ѻӽӭ
Ǻॡǡ
ҲʹҶȻԻתѵһֻ֣Ѱɵ
Ƶķչ᳦ϡ
һƬϱǰء
ս֣ڴһ䣬չ
һǡ˺ڰɭ
Ǹ˲ҽһѪУҲˣ
ս
ৡת˸ԲȦӡ
ȣӭһĵˡ
ֿ죬ȻĽƣֻһɾǰľ
꣡Ѫɽ˶Էǰġ
ͬһʱ䣬ҶġҶ̽һʽɻ̽˲ߣֱԷֱֱصȥ
ЩЩʱȴϵѡҶ˫ɷǣ֮䣬Ѵȥ졣

˵Ϊɡľ֮ʱг
ʹˣɱˣѣ⡣
׷
ȴǺա
һҶʮϤ߰˸ת֮һ갫ѩ֮¡
ȴֻһ˫ӥڿдת
ѿ̾һһ˫ëȴҪǿźá
Ҷ۲ɣЦҡһͷ
һĳХԼ˲ı̹ǷζѾˣ
뵽˴˵еȥɢ֮ӡ֤ڽգʦ˼ұˡ
뵽˶׷֮һ룬Ϊ֮Ѫ飿
ǰˡѣϷģȻȴԼΨһˡ
Ī˼һת䰡
֮У˵ǰΣķҶ̲бѴѡ
ϲζƿһ㣬治֪һʲôζ
ţţˮ˳
ȴǻΪЦѵͷ߰ɣ
ҪȥסҶ
Ϊ˶һ˫ӥܵڵлţ˲òСġ
ֵǣ˵յһ˫ӥʱ֮⣬һɨʱһӰ쳤ؾáϹﶼȥˣ
šط磬Ѻ޲ᣬ̸ϵסɽһƬ̰ǰС
˫벻ԶҶ֮£ƹһ൶ʯŵǰһѩɣ㿴סɽ¡
ҶվסŲǰָһ£ˣ
ȻԵЩԥ˵ҲҪȥ㡭
ѿһ롣
ʵǻƣǰ˫ǰӵĵˣһȴӰˣƵķչ֪δΣ
˼顣
΢֮ǰһ˲䣬ֻǲݲݵһ仰ͰѶԷԼһŮֽȥӣ
ĪԼԴ˽ΪǾ̫һЩ
ȻһеһУǰصʱȴ޷롣
ֻ۾ĬĬضԿţ˭Ҳû˵һ仰
֪ʲô
˵ʱҶ黺شͷһ˫۾һֻż⣬ɫȻΪ֮Ȼ
ҪΪҷЦһ£̧ͷţʦղһʱ鼱˵Щǵģһң㻹㣬һϵûС
ҡˡ
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㡭
ҶٿػعӴģǶԷһ˫۾һʱߣĬĬشͷ
ֹһ
ѲŻɿ˫ץס֡
ǸͰ׵ˣò£߰ɡ 







 

  
˫ 

ɭɭĻ⣬ǰɽ޾롢
رľҵݣ̲ΪһЩήҲ
һ˫ڿӣڻӳʾǻ۵׿Խ
ʦô漴һͷ˵ĺãһ
ҶֻǾţһ䣬տҲ·һŰֽʲôû룬ǵģʹ˶磬Ҳķŭ
еģֻһ˶Ҫ
ȴѡ֮⣬ЩŵĻѾ˵ģٶв
ǰô˵ôˡ
˵ҶʦӣʵûлޣȥˣֻǾеѹ˶Ҫȥġ˭֪ءԽǶδ˿־壬ֿ־Խѹǡ
˵۾תѣһ䣬ֳޱȴΪʲôҰƶһֱȥ׷ѰǸ㣬ԭڴˡĻ˻Ϊʲô
ѺȻϻһѡӻɫɮϵһѡ
ӻɫĳ£һѷ֣ʱע⡣
ΪϮϵһЩͼһۣĿġ
棬һ˹̣ٵĹ֣䣬˵һͷ­
ƬѪ⣬ֱѪȴиС˶һȦ⣬Щ״ͼѽѽ
ֵˣоֹԽԽι죬Īˡ
һתĵǰľš
Ȼͽ˸˵Ķģʱ˿̣էȻоĶ֮ơ
һ˵ˣ
ˣ
ȻЦǰһţҲ͵ˡ
ô˵
Ǵġ˲΢΢һЦҲνˣһУԭ֮СʱˣҪȥչҪȥҲڤڤеɣ
˵ĵһͻһ˲ǰϣȡһ¡
ѷһȡʹãҡͷ˵ûõġ
漴˵쳤ؾϹĶ˫ѣһ࣬޼᲻ݣҪҲǲС
Ҷվ򶴿һ£ֻʲôҲ
δ䣬ֻһ䣬ɲסһ£ֻһЦȰϥã
Ҷһʶæ͵۹۱ǡǹģǿ 







 

  
 

ǰ˾飬ٹ˾棬ϢȶϵʱԵ΢
΢΢һЦһͷܺã̶̼죬Ѿͨ٣˴֮ţŲҶһϣ
ȻΪ֮̾һĿ򶴶첻طкˡ
һ䣬һ˫Ŀ۾Ǿˮεػ
ҲŶϵĽ䡣⼸Ѵϰһǧ֮ơ
µһϣΪվתǽңȴն㣬ղΪˣһʱο
ڵʹ֮£ǰδеҡѵҪʱ̣٩٩˵ϸţ©һ֡
Ѿһȴòǿ򶨡
֮£һԲֱ˿š
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һͷӦһ
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ǣؾϾмأȴҪغãʧ
׹ƬƮϥ
һ棬ݳѯʱȣֻ¡
ӹؾһУ˵ĴФ֣ϣЩϸС軨ƣǺʢġ족ͼ
оʱĽȣ޸ɣãԷڲ㣬պá
˵ͷ˵ԭΪɱΧۣ֮ȴ·ͻȻӦʱ䣬ֻǰһˡ
˵ʱǣ£ȴңֳȴһڸֵһС͡
ʽƽ͸ɢûɽҰ룬ʢװ˹ǻҵֻСö࣬ȭͷСۡ
پϣžԭһֱΪЯȴ֪֮á
пǿڴƤʵĵ鿪
ʽ׾ᡣ
ǳδĥаۣ߰ȻȥƼΪ
ڵһɲǼ䣬̫ĸд̲סˮǡ
ôˣ
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ſЦһ£̧֣÷ʴӣϵ۲һ
˵֪ɣʮǰһ͵ʱ򡭡ô˵һ˵
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˭
Ҹף
һ䣬۾䣺ΪʲôҪô
ΪĻǲתΪ֮˻˵޵ɵ˵˶ϵַ󷨡
⡭
ţĬĬһͷһϰ˵Ҳһ޿κεı˵˽ֻüǽһѰνġ𡯣ȴִͬնˣ
δѣֻһĬҶ飬ҵһС
УڻżɬӵĵէȻëȻ֮ơ
ɲסһ 







 

  
ϳѪ 

ֻҶϥأʱɢɫұ䣬ȻƵޱ䡣
һҽ֮Ӹĳ֣ʧȥƣҲѡ
ˡ

˵Ҷһˣȫϵ쳤ؾá˫ĶϳʹȻ
ʵ֮⣬ȻڶԶҶΪᣬһԭȴڶ˵רע
һһת˾е֮ϳ˶ģ֮ƣһʱҡһҡۿԼ
ȴڴҪͷ˴غһա֡
Ʊ¶壬ͷȡ
ͷһ˵һȴǴ졣
ټҶ飬ٻȴھҲ֮С
ɱ﷢һߡ
ӣʱֻˣӹףоȣʯ٣ȲҪˡ
סϵشвš
ǰԽȣѲܶ˵ȴҲܹڲʡ
֪쳤ؾõĶϳùģ߽⼺־ͷ֮սһٹٹ롣
ʱҵġС֮չ
֮Ҫգ֮ܰգڵ֮ǰƬ֮䡣
ܲ£
סĿֱţǰҪģʮǰҸҪһ޶дˡ⡯󷨣
ٿ۾ɲסһ
Ҫ£˵һģҲһҪҪȻұͬһƮ룬Σһ޳ɣȴˡ
ңһ䣬Ϊģѣʹȴ
һԵҶ飬ưٰڶȴȣһеһУʹ
ڵͷӦ
ֳֵ
ֳ͡
Ϯˡ
ǸССͣΪȡ˻ãʱ
СС˸ʽ䣬ҿӣػأ˻֮Ϣ֮
˸һסٷӵޡջ꣬һأв˷硣֮֮壬֮ǧӡ 







 

  
չջ 

˾Ķǵġ⡱ջꡱһϵз£ǰҪġִ̡ʱ֡
֮ᶨţŵǰʱ̣಻Щˡ
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Ҷһη˼ĲҽУһʱ״Ծ
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ѪŵĻǰ㣬£Ѫꡣ
ȴһɵĹ⻪Ѫһʸֱ۳
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ǧһ֮ʣѿԣǰչ޿֮䣬ͿһΣಡһѽ˻Ԫڡ
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չ޵ͬʱΪͷʬµһ˲
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